CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL LAWS IN INDIA 
Civil Laws
Civil laws in India primarily deal with disputes between individuals or organizations. The main legislation governing civil procedures is the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC). The aim of this code is to provide the procedures for filing suits, written statements, counter claim, nature of claims, the submission of documents & evidence, passing and enforcement of decrees, etc.
Other important civil laws include:
- The Indian Contract Act, 1872: Governs contractual obligations and disputes.
- The Transfer of Property Act, 1882: Deals with the transfer of property.
- The Specific Relief Act, 1963: Provides remedies for the enforcement of individual civil rights.
Commercial Laws
Commercial laws regulate business and commercial transactions. Key legislations include:
- The Indian Contract Act, 1872: Also crucial for commercial transactions.
- The Companies Act, 2013: Governs the formation, regulation, and dissolution of companies.
- The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Deals with promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques.
- The Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Regulates the sale of goods.
- The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016: Provides a framework for insolvency resolution.
- The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 : Governs the creation of Partnership firms, regulation and dissolution of Firms.
- The Mediation Act, 2023 : To promote and facilitate Mediation for resolution of disputes, commercial or otherwise.
- The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006: To facilitate the promotion and development and enhancing the competitiveness of micro, small and medium enterprises.
- The Mediation Act, 2023 : To promote and facilitate Mediation for resolution of disputes, commercial or otherwise.
- The Trademarks Act, 1999: To regulate the registration and protection of trade marks in India.
- The Patents Act, 1970: To regulate the grant and enforcement of patents in India.
- The Industrial Designs Act, 2000: to regulate the grant and protection of Industrial Designs in India.
- The Copyright Act, 1957: To regulate the rights and remedies of authors, publishers, performers and broadcasters in India.
- The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999: To provide for the registration and better protection of geographical indications relating to goods in India.
- The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000: To regulate the registration and protect the original, inherently distinctive layout-designs that have not been previously commercially exploited.
- The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 : To provide for the establishment of an effective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders, and to encourage the development and cultivation of new varieties of plants.
- The Biological Diversity Act, 2002: To provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge, etc.
This blog aims to provide brief note on judgements, interim orders, guidelines, directives passed by the High Courts and Supreme Court of India.
